The essay is included in a volume dedicated to the constructive modes during the fifteenth and the sixteenth century in some major Italian cities. The author developed topics that he already has dealt with in the last three decades making him one on the leading expert of the field. The analysis of the building materials, the techniques and the structures considers how much the geographical origin of the patrons and the builders along with budget constrains and cultural needs has influenced on the success or the defeat of different technical solutions. The analysis of the techniques and materials has been compared with the usual issues of the history of architecture, in order to achieve a total understanding of the phenomenon. From the end of the Middle Ages the essays focus on the first partial innovation of construction technique including the disappearance of the tufa blocks (tufelli) and used bricks due to an increasing demand that made the spolia bricks insufficient, therefore creating the premises for a constant production of new bricks as well as ravels of tufa. The new esthetical need of reproducing the most praised ancient type of wall, the opus quadratum is achieved at the beginning, particularly in the context of papal and cardinal palaces, through the use of a plaster with a graffiti pattern that evoke the ancient system, however a mode that fades away in the moment when the first opus isodomum travertine marble façade was built in a building featuring a high level quality of architecture. Whereas the technique of making walls in opus caementicium survived from the antiquity, the high level of craftsmanship, imitating the antique one, dissimulates the poverty of the material. These new techniques start to spread out outside of Rome allowing a broader range of patrons with limited budget to afford at least the appearance of a stone architecture made however of cheap materials (stuccos, plasters, poured concrete etc.).
Il saggio fa parte di un volume in cui sono poste a confronto le prassi costruttive nel XV e XVI secolo di alcuni dei maggiori centri italiani. L’autore sviluppa argomenti già affrontati singolarmente nel corso di un trentennio in cui gli studi sulle tecniche costruttive a Roma hanno costituito uno dei suoi filoni di ricerca. L’esame di materiali, tecniche e strutture è svolto considerando quanto le provenienze dei committenti e delle maestranze, ragioni economiche e culturali abbiano influito sul successo o la sfortuna delle diverse soluzioni. Si è cercato di non disgiungere l’esame degli aspetti material e costruttivi da tutti gli altri comunemente considerati nella storia dell’architettura per arrivare ad una completa comprensione dei fenomeni. A partire dalla fine del Medioevo sono esaminate le prime innovazioni parziali, la scomparsa delle cortine di “tufelli” e di mattoni di reimpiego che delimitavano muri di conglomerato dovuta verosimilmente alla richiesta grandemente accresciuta di costruzioni, soddisfatta meglio con cortine di mattoni di nuova produzione e di pezzame di tufo. Alla crescente aspirazione a riprodurre l’opera muraria antica più ammirata, l’opus quadratum si risponde dapprima, anche in costruzioni papali e cardinalizie, con un intonaco graffito in modo tale rievocare l’apparenza di quell’opera, una soluzione che scompare dall’architettura di alto livello appena si realizza la prima facciata di opus isodomum di travertino. Mentre perdura dall’antico l’uso di muri di opus caementicium, nei paramenti laterizi la finezza della lavorazione riscatta, emulando l’antico, la relativa povertà del materiale. Contemporaneamente una serie di accorgimenti destinati ad diffondersi anche fuori di Roma consente a committenti con disponibilità limitate di eguagliare la ricchezza delle architetture antiche ottenendo con materiali poveri(stucchi,intonaci, opere “di getto”) l’apparenza di opere lapidee.
Pagliara, P.N. (2007). Costruire a Roma tra Quattrocento e Cinquecento. Note su continuità e innovazioni. In RICCI MAURIZIO (a cura di), Storia dell'architettura come storia delle tecniche costruttive (pp. 25-73). VENEZIA : Marsilio.
Costruire a Roma tra Quattrocento e Cinquecento. Note su continuità e innovazioni
PAGLIARA, Pier Nicola
2007-01-01
Abstract
The essay is included in a volume dedicated to the constructive modes during the fifteenth and the sixteenth century in some major Italian cities. The author developed topics that he already has dealt with in the last three decades making him one on the leading expert of the field. The analysis of the building materials, the techniques and the structures considers how much the geographical origin of the patrons and the builders along with budget constrains and cultural needs has influenced on the success or the defeat of different technical solutions. The analysis of the techniques and materials has been compared with the usual issues of the history of architecture, in order to achieve a total understanding of the phenomenon. From the end of the Middle Ages the essays focus on the first partial innovation of construction technique including the disappearance of the tufa blocks (tufelli) and used bricks due to an increasing demand that made the spolia bricks insufficient, therefore creating the premises for a constant production of new bricks as well as ravels of tufa. The new esthetical need of reproducing the most praised ancient type of wall, the opus quadratum is achieved at the beginning, particularly in the context of papal and cardinal palaces, through the use of a plaster with a graffiti pattern that evoke the ancient system, however a mode that fades away in the moment when the first opus isodomum travertine marble façade was built in a building featuring a high level quality of architecture. Whereas the technique of making walls in opus caementicium survived from the antiquity, the high level of craftsmanship, imitating the antique one, dissimulates the poverty of the material. These new techniques start to spread out outside of Rome allowing a broader range of patrons with limited budget to afford at least the appearance of a stone architecture made however of cheap materials (stuccos, plasters, poured concrete etc.).I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.