This research aims to shed light on the figure of trainers in the ancient Greek world. Through a systematic analysis of literary, epigraphic and papyrological sources, enriched by a selected iconographic survey, it has been possible to investigate the duties, roles and status of these professionals, as well as the various contexts in which they operated. The collected evidence covers a wide geographical area, encompassing the entire Greek Mediterranean, and an equally wide chronological span, extending from the end of the 6th century BC to the 3rd century AD. The research results are presented in three thematically organized chapters. The first chapter addresses the complex issue of terminology: the existence, in ancient Greek language, of several words (παιδοτρίβης, γυμναστής, ἀλείπτης, ἐπιστάτης) to refer to what appears to be a single profession made it necessary to combine a survey of the single terms with an analysis of the criteria governing the employment of such a varied lexicon. The second chapter examines the different contexts in which trainers worked. These professionals emerge as key figures in several fields: they could, for instance, be responsible for children’s education or for the training of the ephebes, but they could also train and give their assistance to athletes taking part in local, regional or Panhellenic competitions. At the same time, their knowledge and skills are explored, with particular attention to their relationship with medicine, the discipline that most frequently seems to have overlapped with the science of training throughout Greek history. Finally, the collected evidence raises questions about the relationship between trainers and the communities they were part of: How were the recruitment and payment of these professionals organized? What role could civic institutions play in this regard? And how were trainers positioned within the civic body? Such questions animate the third and final chapter of this work, which aims to investigate the social and economic position of coaches and the ways in which they were represented and self-represented. In conclusion, this study has made it possible to outline, through a study of the sources as complete and systematic as possible, the contours of a clearly identifiable professional category, active for a long time in the education of children, the training of future citizens and in the field of athletic competition. This work thus adds a still missing piece to the broad and rich field of studies on ancient athletics.
Il presente lavoro si propone di far luce sulla figura dell’allenatore nel mondo greco. Attraverso un’analisi sistematica delle fonti letterarie, epigrafiche e papiracee, arricchita da una selezionata ricerca iconografica, è stato possibile indagare i compiti, i ruoli e lo status di questi professionisti, nonché i diversi contesti in cui essi operavano. Le testimonianze raccolte sono riferibili a un vasto spazio geografico, che copre l’intero Mediterraneo greco, e a un altrettanto ampio arco cronologico, che si estende dalla fine del VI sec. a.C. al III sec. d.C. I risultati della ricerca sono esposti in tre capitoli organizzati su base tematica. Nel primo si affronta la complessa questione terminologica: l’esistenza, in greco, di più vocaboli (παιδοτρίβης, γυμναστής, ἀλείπτης, ἐπιστάτης) per indicare quella che sembra essere un’unica professione ha reso necessario unire, a una rassegna dei termini attestati, alcune considerazioni sui criteri che regolavano l’uso di un lessico così variegato. Nel secondo capitolo vengono invece illustrati ed esaminati i vari contesti in cui gli allenatori operavano. Ne emerge l’immagine di professionisti attivi nel campo dell’educazione, dell’addestramento degli efebi e, ancora, come preparatori e accompagnatori degli atleti in occasione dello svolgimento di competizioni locali, regionali o panelleniche. Vengono approfondite, allo stesso tempo, le loro conoscenze e abilità, con particolare attenzione al rapporto con la medicina, la disciplina che più di frequente, nel corso della storia greca, sembra essersi sovrapposta alla scienza dell’allenamento. I documenti raccolti, infine, spingono a interrogarsi sul rapporto tra gli allenatori e le comunità di cui facevano parte: quali erano le modalità di assunzione e retribuzione di questi professionisti? Che ruolo potevano giocare, in questo senso, le istituzioni cittadine? E come si posizionavano gli allenatori all’interno del corpo civico? Sono simili domande ad animare il terzo e ultimo capitolo di questo lavoro, che mira ad indagare la posizione sociale ed economica degli allenatori e le modalità di rappresentazione e autorappresentazione di questi professionisti. In conclusione, l’indagine condotta ha consentito di delineare, attraverso uno studio delle fonti quanto più possibile completo e sistematico, i contorni di una categoria professionale ben riconoscibile, attiva per lungo tempo nell’ambito dell’educazione dei giovani, della formazione dei futuri cittadini e della competizione atletica. Si va ad aggiungere così un tassello ancora mancante all’ampio e ricco mondo degli studi sull’atletica antica.
Esposito, E. (2025). La figura dell’allenatore nel mondo greco dall’epoca classica a quella imperiale: contesti, ruoli, status.
La figura dell’allenatore nel mondo greco dall’epoca classica a quella imperiale: contesti, ruoli, status
Elena Esposito
2025-03-19
Abstract
This research aims to shed light on the figure of trainers in the ancient Greek world. Through a systematic analysis of literary, epigraphic and papyrological sources, enriched by a selected iconographic survey, it has been possible to investigate the duties, roles and status of these professionals, as well as the various contexts in which they operated. The collected evidence covers a wide geographical area, encompassing the entire Greek Mediterranean, and an equally wide chronological span, extending from the end of the 6th century BC to the 3rd century AD. The research results are presented in three thematically organized chapters. The first chapter addresses the complex issue of terminology: the existence, in ancient Greek language, of several words (παιδοτρίβης, γυμναστής, ἀλείπτης, ἐπιστάτης) to refer to what appears to be a single profession made it necessary to combine a survey of the single terms with an analysis of the criteria governing the employment of such a varied lexicon. The second chapter examines the different contexts in which trainers worked. These professionals emerge as key figures in several fields: they could, for instance, be responsible for children’s education or for the training of the ephebes, but they could also train and give their assistance to athletes taking part in local, regional or Panhellenic competitions. At the same time, their knowledge and skills are explored, with particular attention to their relationship with medicine, the discipline that most frequently seems to have overlapped with the science of training throughout Greek history. Finally, the collected evidence raises questions about the relationship between trainers and the communities they were part of: How were the recruitment and payment of these professionals organized? What role could civic institutions play in this regard? And how were trainers positioned within the civic body? Such questions animate the third and final chapter of this work, which aims to investigate the social and economic position of coaches and the ways in which they were represented and self-represented. In conclusion, this study has made it possible to outline, through a study of the sources as complete and systematic as possible, the contours of a clearly identifiable professional category, active for a long time in the education of children, the training of future citizens and in the field of athletic competition. This work thus adds a still missing piece to the broad and rich field of studies on ancient athletics.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.