The action for the recovery of undue payments in the context of privatised public employment is portrayed as an indispensable instrument for the protection of the public purse, grounded in art. 2033 of the Civil Code, which obliges the administration to reclaim sums disbursed sine titulo to employees, in a manner that is in principle mandatory and not amenable to waiver, whilst the recipient’s good faith, as a rule, does not affect the very existence of the restitutionary claim, but solely its modalities and ancillary elements. The chapter shows how this civil-law rule is now subjected to the scrutiny of the European Convention on Human Rights and the Constitutional Court, as a result of the enhanced protection of legitimate expectations: European case-law characterises as disproportionate interference any claim for restitution concerning continuous emoluments, linked to ordinary work activity and paid over a prolonged period without reservation, thereby requiring a delicate balance between the protection of property, the public function and the obligation to recover undue payments. From an operative standpoint, the essay clarifies that the restitutionary claim is subject to a ten-year limitation period, is constrained by the principle of proportionality and must not encroach upon the employee’s right to a free and dignified existence; it differentiates recovery on a gross basis in cases involving an unlawful cause from recovery on a net basis where the undue payment stems from mere error, thus harmonising the civil-law framework with recent fiscal measures that bring administrative practice into line with judicial precedent. The repetition of undue payments is then correlated with the financial liability of managers and other actors involved in the disbursement process, and situated within the context of the temporary “shield” limiting liability to intentional, positive acts, as well as within the horizon of the much-needed comprehensive reform, aimed at defining gross negligence, containing the personal exposure of public officials and forestalling defensive bureaucracy, without impairing the effectiveness of safeguards for public finances.
L’azione di ripetizione dell’indebito nel pubblico impiego privatizzato è delineata come strumento necessario di tutela dell’erario, radicato nell’art. 2033 c.c., che impone il recupero delle somme erogate sine titulo al dipendente, con carattere tendenzialmente vincolato e non rinunciabile per l’Amministrazione, mentre la buona fede del percettore non incide di regola sull’an, ma solo sulle modalità e sugli accessori della restituzione. Il contributo mostra come tale regola civilistica sia oggi sottoposta al vaglio della CEDU e della Corte costituzionale, per effetto della valorizzazione del legittimo affidamento: la giurisprudenza europea qualifica come ingerenza sproporzionata la pretesa restitutoria su emolumenti continuativi, riconducibili all’attività ordinaria e corrisposti per lungo tempo senza riserva, imponendo un bilanciamento tra protezione della proprietà, funzione pubblica e obbligo di ripetizione. In chiave applicativa, il saggio precisa che la pretesa restitutoria è soggetta a prescrizione decennale, incontra limiti di proporzionalità e non deve comprimere l’esistenza libera e dignitosa del dipendente; distingue la ripetizione al lordo nei casi di causa illecita, da quella al netto nelle ipotesi di mero errore, raccordando la disciplina civilistica con gli interventi fiscali recenti che allineano prassi amministrativa e giurisprudenza. La ripetizione dell’indebito è poi messa in relazione con la responsabilità erariale dei dirigenti e degli altri soggetti coinvolti nell’erogazione, inserita nel contesto del temporaneo “scudo” che limita la responsabilità alle condotte dolose commissive e dell’auspicata riforma organica, volta a tipizzare la colpa grave, contenere l’esposizione personale degli agenti pubblici e prevenire la burocratizzazione difensiva, senza sacrificare l’effettività della tutela delle finanze pubbliche.
Lamberti, F. (2026). L’azione di ripetizione dell'indebito.. In P.A. Mezzacapo D. (a cura di), Il lavoro pubblico privatizzato (pp. 437-451). Roma : Ambiente Diritto.
L’azione di ripetizione dell'indebito.
Lamberti Fabiola
2026-01-01
Abstract
The action for the recovery of undue payments in the context of privatised public employment is portrayed as an indispensable instrument for the protection of the public purse, grounded in art. 2033 of the Civil Code, which obliges the administration to reclaim sums disbursed sine titulo to employees, in a manner that is in principle mandatory and not amenable to waiver, whilst the recipient’s good faith, as a rule, does not affect the very existence of the restitutionary claim, but solely its modalities and ancillary elements. The chapter shows how this civil-law rule is now subjected to the scrutiny of the European Convention on Human Rights and the Constitutional Court, as a result of the enhanced protection of legitimate expectations: European case-law characterises as disproportionate interference any claim for restitution concerning continuous emoluments, linked to ordinary work activity and paid over a prolonged period without reservation, thereby requiring a delicate balance between the protection of property, the public function and the obligation to recover undue payments. From an operative standpoint, the essay clarifies that the restitutionary claim is subject to a ten-year limitation period, is constrained by the principle of proportionality and must not encroach upon the employee’s right to a free and dignified existence; it differentiates recovery on a gross basis in cases involving an unlawful cause from recovery on a net basis where the undue payment stems from mere error, thus harmonising the civil-law framework with recent fiscal measures that bring administrative practice into line with judicial precedent. The repetition of undue payments is then correlated with the financial liability of managers and other actors involved in the disbursement process, and situated within the context of the temporary “shield” limiting liability to intentional, positive acts, as well as within the horizon of the much-needed comprehensive reform, aimed at defining gross negligence, containing the personal exposure of public officials and forestalling defensive bureaucracy, without impairing the effectiveness of safeguards for public finances.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


