The expansion of offshore wind has become a strategic component of the European Union’s efforts to transform its energy system. Yet the development of renewable energy capacity depends on more than technological progress or the adoption of ambitious policy targets. It requires the coordination of industrial production, global supply networks, critical raw materials, investment and infrastructure across different territories. Understanding these interdependencies is essential to explaining both the opportunities and the structural constraints associated with the expansion of offshore wind in Europe. Starting from a critical geographical understanding of decarbonisation, this thesis investigates the international implications of the European Union’s energy transition, focusing on the offshore wind industry as a strategic sector through which to examine the material and spatial contradictions of contemporary capitalist restructuring. The central research question concerns the conditions under which the European offshore wind industry can scale up production and deployment, thereby contributing to the transition away from fossil fuels, given the industrial, infrastructural, institutional and geographical constraints that shape its development. The research adopts a critical economic geography perspective, drawing on the Global Production Networks (GPN) framework to analyse the organisation of the European offshore wind industry. This approach makes it possible to examine how firms, suppliers, institutions and infrastructures are connected across different geographical scales, focusing on the forms of coordination and governance through which production networks are organised and expanded. Particular attention is paid to the strategic position of lead firms, the interdependencies between industrial activities and infrastructure, and the uneven distribution of productive capabilities and power across territories. Situating these dynamics within broader debates on polycrisis, systemic chaos and the co-production of nature, the thesis conceptualises decarbonisation not merely as the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable technologies, but as a historically situated process of industrial and territorial restructuring shaped by the contradictions of capitalist accumulation. The empirical investigation combines documentary analysis of European Union energy and industrial policies, academic literature, international and industry reports, and qualitative semi-structured interviews with key actors in the offshore wind sector, including turbine manufacturers, strategic suppliers, industry associations and independent experts. Particular attention is devoted to Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and submarine cable producers, whose strategic positions reveal the interdependencies between industrial capacity, critical raw materials, technological specialisation and electricity infrastructure. The analysis also examines the institutional and financial mechanisms supporting industrial expansion, particularly project pipelines, permitting procedures, de-risking strategies and Contracts for Difference (CfDs). The thesis first develops a critical genealogy of the energy transition and examines its relationship with the European Union’s climate and energy policies. It then investigates the material foundations of renewable energy development, the conditions underpinning offshore wind scalability and the organisation of its production networks. Finally, it compares four European maritime basins—the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Atlantic and the Mediterranean—analysing their distinct industrial trajectories, infrastructural capacities and development constraints. The findings show that offshore wind scalability does not follow automatically from increasing political ambitions or technological maturity. Rather, it depends on the coordination of industrial capabilities, investment expectations, supply networks, port infrastructure, specialised installation vessels and electricity grids. The geographical expansion of offshore wind also follows differentiated regional trajectories: the North Sea represents the industry’s established industrial and infrastructural core; the Baltic constitutes an emerging strategic frontier; while the Atlantic and Mediterranean remain more uncertain development spaces, increasingly associated with floating offshore technologies. The thesis argues that the European energy transition simultaneously advances decarbonisation and reproduces new material dependencies and spatial inequalities. Offshore wind therefore provides a critical lens through which to understand how the pursuit of energy autonomy remains embedded in global production networks and reconfigures the geographies of capitalist accumulation, power and territorialisation.
L’espansione dell’eolico offshore rappresenta una componente strategica della trasformazione del sistema energetico dell’Unione europea. Tuttavia, lo sviluppo della capacità di generazione da fonti rinnovabili non dipende esclusivamente dal progresso tecnologico o dalla definizione di ambiziosi obiettivi di politica energetica, ma richiede il coordinamento di attività produttive, reti di fornitura globali, materie prime critiche, investimenti e infrastrutture distribuiti su territori differenti. Comprendere queste interdipendenze è essenziale per analizzare tanto le opportunità quanto i vincoli strutturali che condizionano l’espansione dell’eolico offshore in Europa. Muovendo da una prospettiva geografica critica sulla decarbonizzazione, la tesi indaga le implicazioni internazionali della transizione energetica dell’Unione europea, assumendo il settore eolico offshore come ambito privilegiato per esaminare le contraddizioni materiali e spaziali della ristrutturazione capitalistica contemporanea. La domanda di ricerca riguarda le condizioni che consentono all’industria eolica offshore europea di ampliare la propria capacità produttiva e di installazione, contribuendo alla transizione oltre la dipendenza dai combustibili fossili, alla luce dei vincoli industriali, infrastrutturali, istituzionali e geografici che ne orientano lo sviluppo. La ricerca adotta una prospettiva di geografia economica critica e si avvale del quadro analitico delle *Global Production Networks* (GPN) per indagare l’organizzazione dell’industria eolica offshore europea. Tale approccio consente di esaminare le connessioni tra imprese, fornitori, istituzioni e infrastrutture alle diverse scale geografiche, prestando particolare attenzione alle forme di coordinamento e governance attraverso cui le reti produttive vengono organizzate ed estese. L’analisi si concentra sul posizionamento strategico delle imprese leader, sulle interdipendenze tra attività industriali e infrastrutture e sulla distribuzione diseguale delle capacità produttive e del potere tra territori. Collocando queste dinamiche entro il più ampio dibattito sulla policrisi, sul caos sistemico e sulla coproduzione della natura, la tesi interpreta la decarbonizzazione non come una semplice sostituzione dei combustibili fossili con tecnologie rinnovabili, bensì come un processo storicamente situato di ristrutturazione industriale e territoriale, attraversato dalle contraddizioni dell’accumulazione capitalistica. L’indagine empirica combina l’analisi documentale delle politiche energetiche e industriali dell’Unione europea, della letteratura scientifica e dei rapporti internazionali e di settore con interviste qualitative semistrutturate rivolte ad attori chiave dell’industria eolica offshore, tra cui produttori di turbine, fornitori strategici, associazioni industriali ed esperti indipendenti. Un’attenzione specifica è dedicata alle imprese leader, o *Original Equipment Manufacturers* (OEM), e ai produttori di cavi sottomarini, le cui posizioni strategiche permettono di mettere in luce le interdipendenze tra capacità industriale, materie prime critiche, specializzazione tecnologica e infrastrutture elettriche. La ricerca esamina inoltre i meccanismi istituzionali e finanziari che sostengono l’espansione industriale, con particolare riferimento alle pipeline di progetto, alle procedure autorizzative, alle strategie di riduzione del rischio e ai *Contracts for Difference* (CfD). La tesi sviluppa inizialmente una genealogia critica della transizione energetica, esaminandone i rapporti con le politiche climatiche ed energetiche dell’Unione europea. Approfondisce quindi le basi materiali dello sviluppo delle energie rinnovabili, le condizioni che rendono possibile la scalabilità dell’eolico offshore e l’organizzazione delle relative reti produttive. Infine, confronta quattro bacini marittimi europei — Mare del Nord, Mar Baltico, Atlantico e Mediterraneo — analizzandone le differenti traiettorie industriali, le capacità infrastrutturali e i vincoli allo sviluppo. I risultati mostrano che la scalabilità dell’eolico offshore non deriva automaticamente dall’accrescimento delle ambizioni politiche né dal raggiungimento di una maggiore maturità tecnologica. Essa dipende, piuttosto, dal coordinamento tra capacità industriali, aspettative di investimento, reti di fornitura, infrastrutture portuali, navi specializzate per l’installazione e reti elettriche. Anche l’espansione geografica del settore segue traiettorie regionali differenziate: il Mare del Nord costituisce il nucleo industriale e infrastrutturale consolidato; il Baltico rappresenta una frontiera strategica emergente; mentre l’Atlantico e il Mediterraneo rimangono spazi di sviluppo più incerti, nei quali l’eolico offshore galleggiante si configura come una possibile frontiera tecnico-industriale. Nel loro insieme, questi risultati mostrano come la transizione energetica europea, pur perseguendo la decarbonizzazione e una maggiore autonomia energetica, riproduca nuove dipendenze materiali e disuguaglianze spaziali. L’eolico offshore offre pertanto una prospettiva privilegiata per comprendere la riconfigurazione delle condizioni materiali, industriali e territoriali dell’accumulazione capitalistica. La costruzione della scalabilità industriale e l’infrastrutturazione dello spazio marittimo concorrono infatti a trasformare i bacini europei in spazi produttivi strategici, integrati in reti globali e connessi attraverso nuove infrastrutture e corridoi energetici. Questi processi ridefiniscono le relazioni tra aree di produzione, reti elettriche e mercati dell’energia, contribuendo alla formazione di nuove geografie dell’accumulazione, del potere e della territorializzazione.
Conti, T.M. (2026). Le implicazioni internazionali della decarbonizzazione. Materie prime, supply chains e clima in prospettiva storica. La strategia dell’eolico offshore in UE.
Le implicazioni internazionali della decarbonizzazione. Materie prime, supply chains e clima in prospettiva storica. La strategia dell’eolico offshore in UE
Tommaso Maria Conti
2026-12-18
Abstract
The expansion of offshore wind has become a strategic component of the European Union’s efforts to transform its energy system. Yet the development of renewable energy capacity depends on more than technological progress or the adoption of ambitious policy targets. It requires the coordination of industrial production, global supply networks, critical raw materials, investment and infrastructure across different territories. Understanding these interdependencies is essential to explaining both the opportunities and the structural constraints associated with the expansion of offshore wind in Europe. Starting from a critical geographical understanding of decarbonisation, this thesis investigates the international implications of the European Union’s energy transition, focusing on the offshore wind industry as a strategic sector through which to examine the material and spatial contradictions of contemporary capitalist restructuring. The central research question concerns the conditions under which the European offshore wind industry can scale up production and deployment, thereby contributing to the transition away from fossil fuels, given the industrial, infrastructural, institutional and geographical constraints that shape its development. The research adopts a critical economic geography perspective, drawing on the Global Production Networks (GPN) framework to analyse the organisation of the European offshore wind industry. This approach makes it possible to examine how firms, suppliers, institutions and infrastructures are connected across different geographical scales, focusing on the forms of coordination and governance through which production networks are organised and expanded. Particular attention is paid to the strategic position of lead firms, the interdependencies between industrial activities and infrastructure, and the uneven distribution of productive capabilities and power across territories. Situating these dynamics within broader debates on polycrisis, systemic chaos and the co-production of nature, the thesis conceptualises decarbonisation not merely as the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable technologies, but as a historically situated process of industrial and territorial restructuring shaped by the contradictions of capitalist accumulation. The empirical investigation combines documentary analysis of European Union energy and industrial policies, academic literature, international and industry reports, and qualitative semi-structured interviews with key actors in the offshore wind sector, including turbine manufacturers, strategic suppliers, industry associations and independent experts. Particular attention is devoted to Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and submarine cable producers, whose strategic positions reveal the interdependencies between industrial capacity, critical raw materials, technological specialisation and electricity infrastructure. The analysis also examines the institutional and financial mechanisms supporting industrial expansion, particularly project pipelines, permitting procedures, de-risking strategies and Contracts for Difference (CfDs). The thesis first develops a critical genealogy of the energy transition and examines its relationship with the European Union’s climate and energy policies. It then investigates the material foundations of renewable energy development, the conditions underpinning offshore wind scalability and the organisation of its production networks. Finally, it compares four European maritime basins—the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Atlantic and the Mediterranean—analysing their distinct industrial trajectories, infrastructural capacities and development constraints. The findings show that offshore wind scalability does not follow automatically from increasing political ambitions or technological maturity. Rather, it depends on the coordination of industrial capabilities, investment expectations, supply networks, port infrastructure, specialised installation vessels and electricity grids. The geographical expansion of offshore wind also follows differentiated regional trajectories: the North Sea represents the industry’s established industrial and infrastructural core; the Baltic constitutes an emerging strategic frontier; while the Atlantic and Mediterranean remain more uncertain development spaces, increasingly associated with floating offshore technologies. The thesis argues that the European energy transition simultaneously advances decarbonisation and reproduces new material dependencies and spatial inequalities. Offshore wind therefore provides a critical lens through which to understand how the pursuit of energy autonomy remains embedded in global production networks and reconfigures the geographies of capitalist accumulation, power and territorialisation.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


