Time and space variability of “thin-skinned” and “thick-skinned” thrust tectonics in the Apennines (Italy)

In the Apennine fold and thrust belt of Italy, «thin-skinned» (i.e. detachment-dominated) and «thick-skinned» (i.e. crustal ramp-dominated) structures coexist, but with marked differences in both time and space. The external part of the northern Apennines and the deeper and younger portions (buried Apulian carbonates) of the thrust belt in the central and southern Apennines show limited amounts of shortening (in the range of 5–14 km). These result from similar deformation styles, involving the occurrence of relatively low-displacement, thick-skinned thrust ramps. The latter represent, at least in the northern Apennines, preexisting basement structures reactivated and inverted during contractional deformation. Interposed between the northern and southern parts of the fold and thrust belt, the central Apennines appear to constitute a transitional area in which strike-slip tectonics is relevant and carbonate platform units become predominant over pelagic basin ones, whereas the overall structure of the thrust belt becomes similar to that of the southern Apennines. In the latter, a peculiar structural style is revealed by the integrated analysis of surface and subsurface data. Structurally, the upper part of the thrust belt consists of allochthonous units made of Mesozoic peritidal carbonate platform and pelagic basin successions, and of Miocene foredeep sediments. These are completely detached from their original substratum and transported onto the 6–7 km thick, foreland carbonates of the Apulian platform. Based on available seismic data, the latter appears to be involved, together with the underlying Permo-Triassic clastics and, we infer, also the basement, in relatively low-displacement, thick-skinned structures. Therefore, in the southern Apennines, a transition from thin-to thick-skinned tectonics appears to have occurred through time. Thin-skinned structures characterise the shallower — and older — part of the thrust belt made of detached units, while a thick-skinned tectonic style is dominant in the buried Apulian carbonates of most recent accretion. The present boundary between the two different, superposed portions of the thrust belt consists of a low-angle, large-displacement thrust fault penetrated by numerous oil wells. Different styles and modes of contractional deformation in the investigated sectors of the Apennines appear to result from the geometrical requirement of maintaining strain compatibility and overall displacement continuity along a highly segmented orogen characterised by variable mechanical stratigraphy and southward increasing amounts of shortening.