Surface-bound Tat inhibits antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell activation in an integrin-dependent manner

Objective:The identification of still unrevealed mechanisms affecting the anti-HIV CD8(+) T-cell response in HIV-1 infection.Design:Starting from the observation that anti-Tat immunization is associated with improved CD8(+) T-cell immunity, we developed both in-vitro and ex-vivo assays to characterize the effects of extra-cellular Tat on the adaptive CD8(+) T-cell response.Methods:The effects of Tat on CD8(+) T-cell activation were assayed using CD8(+) T-cell clones specific for either cellular (MART-1) or viral (HIV-1 Nef) antigens, and HIV-1 Gag-specific CD8(+) T cells from HIV-1 patients.Results:The interaction between CD8(+) T lymphocytes and immobilized Tat, but not its soluble form, inhibits peptide-specific CD8(+) T-lymphocyte activation. The inhibition does not depend on Tat trans-activation activity, but on the interaction of the Tat RGD domain with 51 and v3 integrins. Impaired CD8(+) T-cell activation was also observed in cocultures of CD8(+) T cells with HIV-1-infected cells. Anti-Tat Abs abrogate the inhibitory effect, consistently with the evidence that extracellular Tat accumulates on the cell membrane of virus-producing cells. The Tat-induced inhibition of cell activation associates with increased apoptosis of CD8(+) T cells. Finally, the inhibition of cell activation also takes place in Gag-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients.Conclusion:Our results support the idea that CD8(+) T-cell apoptosis induced by surface-bound extracellular Tat can contribute to the dysregulation of the CD8(+) T-cell adaptive response against HIV as well as other pathogens present in AIDS patients.