Transverse systems along the extensional Tyrrhenian margin of central Italy and their influence on volcanism

The Tyrrhenian margin of central Italy has undergone Plio-Quaternary extension, developing NW-SE normal faults and NE-SW faults. The NE-SW faults decrease in frequency towards NE with the stretching factor , becoming negligible for <1.3. Plio-Quaternary volcanoes, aligned NW-SE, formed at the intersection among NE-SW and NW-SE faults; fissure eruptions are mostly controlled by NE-SW faults. Structural field data show normal motions for 76% of NW-SE Quaternary faults and transtensive for 73% of NE-SW Quaternary faults. Analogue experiments simulating the NE-SW Tyrrhenian extension show that transverse transtensive faults form with differential extension >0.21. These data suggest that the NE-SW transtensive structures are transfer faults of the NW-SE normal faults, due to relevant differential extension (>0.21) within a stretched crust (>1.3). The minor dip-slip and strike-slip components of the NE-SW and NW-SE faults respectively, possibly result from the NW-SE extension due to the SE-ward slab retreat beneath the Calabrian arc. The NE-SW and NW-SE extensions in the central-southern Tyrrhenian Sea account for the composite kinematics of the NE-SW structures, which, in turn, exert a two-fold role in controlling volcanism. Where their dip-slip component forms basins, the associated decompression induces magma accumulation (developing central volcanoes) at the intersection among NW-SE and NE-SW systems. Where transfer faults are mainly strike-slip, their inferred subvertical attitude enhances their permeability to magma, accounting for the observed NE-SW fissure eruptions. Regional extension, forming NW-SE faults, enhances the overall generation and rise of magma along the margin, but NE-SW structures focus magma rise and emplacement at shallower levels.