Fault-bend folding as an end-member solution of (double-edge) fault-propagation folding.

Fault-bend folding is the most commonly used kinematic mechanism to interpret the architecture and evolution of thrust-related anticlines in thrust wedges. However, its basic requirement of an instantaneous propagation of the entire fault before hangingwall deformation, limits its kinematic effectiveness. To overcome this limitation, we used the interdependence between fold shape and fault slip versus propagation rate (S/P ratio) implemented in double-edge fault-propagation folding. We show that very small S/P values produce fault-propagation anticlines that, when transported forelandward along an upper décollement layer, closely resemble fault-bend anticlines. Accordingly, if small geometric discrepancies between the two solutions are accepted, transported double-edge fault-propagation provides an effective kinematic alternative to fault-bend folding. Even at very low S/P values, it in fact predicts a fast but finite propagation rate of the fault. We thus propose that double-edge fault-propagation folding provides a broadly applicable model of fault-related folding that includes fault-bend folding as an end-member kinematic solution.