UAS, LiDAR, GeoSLAM for 3D Survey of Natural and Cultural Heritage

This study applies an integrated methodology combining UAS photogrammetry, LIDAR, and SLAM laser scanning for the 3D survey of the Grotta Oscura quarries in Rome. A topographic network with GNSS RTK was established to ensure accurate georeferencing and alignment of heterogeneous datasets. Aerial surveys using drones captured high-resolution imagery and dense point clouds, while SLAM-based scanning documented underground environments. Data processing included orthophoto generation, dense 3D modeling, and point cloud integration. Software like Reality Capture, Autodesk Recap Pro, and GIS tools supported the analysis. The approach enabled detailed morphological assessment and virtual site navigation. Complex spatial relationships were modeled despite environmental constraints. This workflow demonstrates an effective strategy for surveying inaccessible heritage sites.