Beginning with D. 2.14.1.3 – and particularly from an ‘objective’ understanding of conventio as the convergence of voluntas and perception between contracting parties – this study investigates the relationship between consent, mistake, and synallagma in the Roman contract of sale, through the lens of Ulpian’s opinio. The aim is to illuminate how the most advanced phase of Roman scientia iuris grappled with the tensions between subjective will and the objective structure of obligatio. The central hypothesis is that it may be possible to identify specific negotiation contexts in which the error of one party might be regarded as tolerabilis – and thus opposable to the other – and to assess the extent to which the physical dimension of what is perceived and intended influences the legal nature of the transaction. By examining the interplay between the internal sphere of intention and its external expression, the research analyzes the remedial strategies developed to balance the mistaken party’s position with the protection of legitimate expectations grounded in reliance on the declaration. Particular attention is devoted to cases of dissensus concerning the res that is the object of sale (Ulp. D. 18.1.9; D. 18.1.11; D. 18.1.14), as well as to forms of error arising from the appearance of the merx – including error in corpore, error in materia, and error in qualitate.
Movendo da D. 2.14.1.3, in particolare da una lettura ‘obiettiva’ della nozione di conventio, intesa quale risultante dell’unità di volontà e percezione delle parti contrattuali, si indagherà, a partire dalla riflessione di Ulpiano, il nesso tra consenso, errore e sinallagma contrattuale nella compravendita, con l’obiettivo di mettere in luce come la scientia iuris romana più matura abbia affrontato le tensioni tra volontà soggettiva e assetto oggettivo del rapporto obbligatorio. In particolare, l’ipotesi da verificare è se esista una topica di ‘contesti negoziali’ tale da rendere ‘tolerabilis’ – e opponibile alla controparte – l’error di una delle parti del contratto, e in quale misura la dimensione ‘fisica’ del percepito-voluto incida sulla dimensione giuridica del contratto. Investigando sulla giustapposizione tra l’ambito soggettivo del volere e la sua estrinsecazione oggettiva, lo studio vorrebbe analizzare le misure rimediali volte a contemperare l’esigenza di valorizzare la volontà dell’errante con la tutela dell’affidamento dei terzi destinatari della dichiarazione nei casi di dissensus sulla res oggetto della compravendita (Ulp. D. 18.1.9; Ulp. D. 18.1.11; Ulp. D. 18.1.14), ovvero di errore legato alla ‘apparenza’ della merx (error in corpore, error in materia, error in qualitate).
Galeotti, S. (2025). L’apparenza delle cose: errore e sinallagma contrattuale nella riflessione di Ulpiano. SEMINARIOS COMPLUTENSES DE DERECHO ROMANO, XXXVIII, 347-389.
L’apparenza delle cose: errore e sinallagma contrattuale nella riflessione di Ulpiano
SARA GALEOTTI
2025-01-01
Abstract
Beginning with D. 2.14.1.3 – and particularly from an ‘objective’ understanding of conventio as the convergence of voluntas and perception between contracting parties – this study investigates the relationship between consent, mistake, and synallagma in the Roman contract of sale, through the lens of Ulpian’s opinio. The aim is to illuminate how the most advanced phase of Roman scientia iuris grappled with the tensions between subjective will and the objective structure of obligatio. The central hypothesis is that it may be possible to identify specific negotiation contexts in which the error of one party might be regarded as tolerabilis – and thus opposable to the other – and to assess the extent to which the physical dimension of what is perceived and intended influences the legal nature of the transaction. By examining the interplay between the internal sphere of intention and its external expression, the research analyzes the remedial strategies developed to balance the mistaken party’s position with the protection of legitimate expectations grounded in reliance on the declaration. Particular attention is devoted to cases of dissensus concerning the res that is the object of sale (Ulp. D. 18.1.9; D. 18.1.11; D. 18.1.14), as well as to forms of error arising from the appearance of the merx – including error in corpore, error in materia, and error in qualitate.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


