Integrating morphology and molecular data to explore taxonomy, evolutionary history, and conservation of Italian endemic Forficulidae (Dermaptera)

Italy hosts 27 species of Dermaptera, five belonging to Forficula, which were never thoroughly investigated. We integrated morphological (morphometric measurements) and molecular data (mitochondrial COI, 16S and nuclear 28S, ITS2) to revise the Italian species, focusing on the endemic taxa, and on the diversity within F. auricularia to reveal the presence of cryptic species. Our data were integrated with those available for other West Mediterranean Forficula. Our results confirmed the taxonomic status of the endemic F. apennina and F. silana, that belong to different lineages but share some morphological traits. The endemic Pseudochelidura orsinii and P.galvagnii resulted nested within Forficula, and a new taxonomic arrangement is proposed (Forficula orsinii: resurrected combination and Forficula galvagnii: new combination). Molecular data revealed the presence in Pantelleria and Sardinia of F. mediterranea, cryptic with F.auricularia and reported only from Spain and Morocco. Morphometric data showed a distinction between West Mediterranean and Italian specimens of F. mediterranea, indicating a divergent selection within this species. This study provides new insights for the Italian Forficulidae, highlighting the importance of combining different approaches in the study of species diversity for their conservation. Indeed, F.apennina and F. galvagnii are high altitude species which seem to be affected by global warming so much to raise fears for their conservation.