Understanding chilean mediterranean wetlands: insights into biodiversity, hydrology and knowledge gaps

Mediterranean climate wetlands are globally recognized for their high biodiversity and ecosystem services, such as water regulation and nutrient cycling. However, their distribution across the five continents remains unevenly studied. In particular, the Mediterranean region of Chile has received limited scientific attention, constraining the global comparative understanding of Mediterranean-type wetlands. This study synthesized existing knowledge on freshwater wetlands in the Mediterranean region of Chile to identify spatial, taxonomic, and research patterns and to highlight key knowledge gaps. We found a strong bias toward studies in permanent wetlands in the Biobío and Valparaíso regions, with most studies focusing on flora and birds. In contrast, aquatic insects, amphibians and temporary wetlands remain poorly studied, despite their ecological relevance. Topics such as biological invasions, habitat connectivity, and ecosystem resilience were also scarcely addressed. This pattern mirrored the knowledge gaps reported for Mediterranean-climate wetlands elsewhere, suggesting that similar research imbalances may characterize Mediterranean-type ecosystems globally. By documenting and contextualizing these gaps, our synthesis contributes to a more complete global understanding of Mediterranean-climate wetlands and underscores the need for integrative, cross-regional approaches to their conservation under global change.