Smart Technologies for Climate-Resilient Urban Road Infrastructure: A Systematic Review

Urban road infrastructure is increasingly vulnerable to climate change impacts such as extreme weather, flooding, and heat stress, threatening its safety, functionality, and longevity. This systematic review investigates how smart technologies, such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Digital Twin (DT), Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data, and Remote Sensing (RS), can enhance the climate resilience of urban road networks. The review paper demonstrates that each technology offers complementary features like life cycle planning, predictive analytics, and real-time monitoring. GIS supports spatial analysis; BIM enables infrastructure modeling; BIM-GIS integration enhances interoperability; Remote Sensing and IoT provide environmental data; Digital Twins offer simulation and monitoring; and AI and Big Data enable predictive maintenance, risk modeling, and decision-making. The review proposes a layered framework integrating these technologies and highlights challenges like data interoperability and policy alignment for effective implementation. The paper offers valuable insights to inform adaptive and sustainable strategies for developing climate-resilient urban roads.