Safe and Secure Cyber-Physical-Human Systems: State of the Art on Threats and Countermeasures

Cyber-Physical-Human Systems (CPHS) are complex systems centered on human beings. Currently, both industries and societies are even more dependent on CPHS, which have application in various fields and can have interactions of humans and CPS at various levels. In this context cyber-physical attacks become increasingly dangerous both for the physical plant and the human being. Thus, safety and security of CPHS must be simultaneously guaranteed, and the investigation of vulnerabilities of CPHS applications is of paramount importance to avoid any harm to human lives. In order to achieve this target, the current work presents a thorough analysis of the most recent literature in this field. The selected papers are classified by level of interaction between CPS and human (i.e., physiological, cognitive, and population-wide) and then by type of specific application, to investigate challenges, opportunities, and open questions. A detailed discussion concludes the paper reporting on the current advancements and promising future research paths.